Egg whites are mainly made of a protein called albumin. This protein is sensitive to heat, which means that when you heat it, it looses its natural shape or structure and assumes a different, more rigid one. This process is called protein denaturation.
Basically, when you heat the egg, you are denaturing the albumin in the egg white and that makes the egg white go hard.
And the important thing to remember here is that it doesn’t matter why eggs go hard, it’s more important that they DO go hard, otherwise we wouldn’t be able to make cakes!
Protein. Eggs are rich in protein. An egg in its natural state has weak bonds holding the proteins in place. When we heat these protein (boil the egg) the bonds are broke apart allowing the proteins to unfold and allows the proteins to make new bonds, stronger bonds, as it does this it forces the liquid (water) that used to surround the proteins, in its natural state, out. Therefore the egg is now hard as there is no longer any liquid.
Eggs are full of protein and when you heat protein, it changes its structure. So the protein rich liquid inside an egg changes to a solid when the protein is boiled in the water.
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